Study protocol for the Intraoperative Complications Assessment and Reporting with Universal Standards (ICARUS) global cross-specialty surveys and consensus.

Annually, about 300 million surgeries lead to significant intraoperative adverse events (iAEs), impacting patients and surgeons. Their full extent is underestimated due to flawed assessment and reporting methods. Inconsistent adoption of new grading systems and a lack of standardization, along with litigation concerns, contribute to underreporting. Only half of relevant journals provide guidelines on reporting these events, with a lack of standards in surgical literature. To address these issues, the Intraoperative Complications Assessment and Reporting with Universal Standard (ICARUS) Global Surgical Collaboration was established in 2022. The initiative involves conducting global surveys and a Delphi consensus to understand the barriers for poor reporting of iAEs, validate shared criteria for reporting, define iAEs according to surgical procedures, evaluate the existing grading systems' reliability, and identify strategies for enhancing the collection, reporting, and management of iAEs. Invitation to participate are extended to all the surgical specialties, interventional cardiology, interventional radiology, OR Staffs and anesthesiology. This effort represents an essential step towards improved patient safety and the well-being of healthcare professionals in the surgical field.

Hypotension prediction index for the prevention of hypotension during surgery and critical care: A narrative review.

Surgeons and anesthesia clinicians commonly face a hemodynamic disturbance known as intraoperative hypotension (IOH), which has been linked to more severe postoperative outcomes and increases mortality rates. Increased occurrence of IOH has been positively associated with mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction, stroke, and organ dysfunction hypertension. Hence, early detection and recognition of IOH is meaningful for perioperative management. Currently, when hypotension occurs, clinicians use vasopressor or fluid therapy to intervene as IOH develops but interventions should be taken before hypotension occurs; therefore, the Hypotension Prediction Index (HPI) method can be used to help clinicians further react to the IOH process. This literature review evaluates the HPI method, which can reliably predict hypotension several minutes before a hypotensive event and is beneficial for patients' outcomes.

[Intraoperative Complications in Cataract Surgery]. / Intraoperative Komplikationen der Kataraktchirurgie.

Cataract surgery is frequently and successfully performed in the developed world. The indications for the operation have shifted on one hand towards healthier patients seeking freedom from glasses and on the other hand towards more complex cases. How should the patient be informed? What complications can occur intraoperatively, and what treatment options are available for these complications?This article offers a focus on conditions such as zonulopathy and pseudoexfoliation that can pose challenges to cataract surgery. It discusses the use of specialized tools such as capsular tension rings and capsular hooks and precise maneuvers to minimize stress on weakened zonules in order to ensure in-the-bag fixation of the IOL.Furthermore, the article addresses appropriate actions towards intraoperative complications such as anterior or posterior capsule ruptures and loss of nuclear fragments into the vitreous cavity.Exploring innovative advancements, this article presents the latest alternatives for intracapsular lens fixation, such as sutureless scleral fixation and emerging lens designs in cases where there is insufficient capsular support.Ultimately, the primary objective remains delivering optimal outcomes even for complex cases, and minimizing post-surgical issues. Numerous tools and techniques are available.

Prospective analysis of anatomic features predisposing patients to intraoperative floppy iris syndrome.

PURPOSE: To aid preoperative risk assessment by identifying anatomic parameters corresponding with a higher risk of intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) during cataract surgery. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 55 patients with α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist (α1-ARA) treatment and 55 controls undergoing cataract surgery. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), video pupilometer, and biometry measurements were performed preoperatively and analyzed regarding anatomic parameters that corresponded with a higher rate of IFIS. Those statistically significant parameters were evaluated with logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: Pupil diameter was significantly smaller in patients who developed IFIS compared to those who did not develop IFIS (AS-OCT 3.29 ± 0.85 vs. 3.63 ± 0.68, p = 0.03; Pupilometer 3.56 ± 0,87 vs. 3.95 ± 0.67, p = 0.02). Biometric evaluation revealed shallower anterior chambers in the IFIS group (ACD 3.12 ± 0.40 vs. 3.32 ± 0.42, p = 0.02). Cutoff values for 50% IFIS probability (p = 0.5) were PD = 3.18 mm for pupil diameter and ACD = 2.93 mm for anterior chamber depth. ROC curves of combined parameters were calculated for α1-ARA medication with pupil diameter and anterior chamber depth, which yielded an AUC of 0.75 for all IFIS grades. CONCLUSION: The combination of biometric parameters with history of α1-ARA medication can improve assessment of risk stratification for IFIS incidence during cataract surgery.

Association of the classification of intraoperative adverse events (ClassIntra) with complications and neurological outcome after neurosurgical procedures: a prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: To analyze the reliability of the classification of intraoperative adverse events (ClassIntra) to reflect intraoperative complications of neurosurgical procedures and the potential to predict the postoperative outcome including the neurological performance. The ClassIntra classification was recently introduced and found to be reliable for assessing intraoperative adverse events and predicting postoperative complications across different surgical disciplines. Nevertheless, its potential role for neurosurgical procedures remains elusive. METHODS: This is a prospective, monocentric cohort study assessing the ClassIntra in 422 adult patients who underwent a neurosurgical procedure and were hospitalized between July 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021. The primary outcome was the occurrence of intraoperative complications graded according to ClassIntra and the association with postoperative outcome reflected by the Clavien-Dindo classification and comprehensive complication index (CCI). The ClassIntra is defined as intraoperative adverse events as any deviation from the ideal course on a grading scale from grade 0 (no deviation) to grade V (intraoperative death) and was set at sign-out in agreement between neurosurgeon and anesthesiologist. Secondary outcomes were the neurological outcome after surgery as defined by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), modified Rankin scale (mRS), Neurologic Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (NANO) scale, National Institute Health of Strokes Scale (NIHSS), and Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS), and need for unscheduled brain scan. RESULTS: Of 442 patients (mean [SD] age, 56.1 [16.2]; 235 [55.7%] women and 187 [44.3%] men) who underwent a neurosurgical procedure, 169 (40.0%) patients had an intraoperative adverse event (iAE) classified as ClassIntra I or higher. The NIHSS score at admission (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.03-1.63, female gender (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.23-0.84), extracranial procedures (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.08-0.61), and emergency cases (OR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.53-3.78) were independent risk factors for a more severe iAE. A ClassIntra ≥ II was associated with increased odds of postoperative complications classified as Clavien-Dindo (p < 0.01), neurological deterioration at discharge (p < 0.01), prolonged hospital (p < 0.01), and ICU stay (p < 0.01). For elective craniotomies, severity of ClassIntra was associated with the CCI (p < 0.01) and need for unscheduled CT or MRI scan (p < 0.01). The proportion of a ClassIntra ≥ II was significantly higher for emergent craniotomies (56.2%) and associated with in-hospital mortality, and an unfavorable neurological outcome (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Findings of this study suggest that the ClassIntra is sensitive for assessing intraoperative adverse events and sufficient to identify patients with a higher risk for developing postoperative complications after a neurosurgical procedure.

Iris color as a predictive factor for intraoperative floppy iris syndrome.

PURPOSE: To assess the influence of iris color on the predisposition for intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) during cataract surgery. METHODS: Medical records of patients who underwent cataract surgery in two medical centers between July 2019 and February 2020 were reviewed. Patients younger than 50 years, with preexisting ocular conditions affecting pupillary size or anterior chamber depth (ACD), and combined procedures were excluded. The remaining patients were questioned via telephone regarding their iris color. The association of IFIS occurrence and severity with iris color was tested using univariant and multivariant analyses. RESULTS: Overall, 155 eyes of 155 patients were included, 74 with documented IFIS and 81 without. The mean age was 74.03 ± 7.09 years, and 35.5% were female. The most common iris color among study eyes was brown (110/155, 70.97%), followed by blue (25/155, 16.13%) and green (20/155, 12.90%). Compared to brown-colored eyes, blue irises exhibited a 4.50-fold risk for IFIS (OR = 4.50, 95% CI: 1.73-11.70, p = 0.002), and green irises 7.00-fold risk (OR = 7.00, 95% CI: 2.19-22.39, p = 0.001). After adjusting for possible confounders, the results remained statistically significant (p < 0.01). Light-colored irises tended to exhibit a more severe IFIS compared to the brown iris group (p < 0.001). IFIS bilaterality was also affected by iris color (p < 0.001), with a 10.43-fold risk for fellow eye IFIS in the green iris group compared to eyes with brown irises (OR = 10.43, 95% CI: 3.35-32.54, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Light iris color was associated with a significantly increased risk of IFIS occurrence, severity, and bilaterality on univariate and multivariate analysis in this study.

Severity Grading Systems for Intraoperative Adverse Events. A Systematic Review of the Literature and Citation Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The accurate assessment and grading of adverse events (AE) is essential to ensure comparisons between surgical procedures and outcomes. The current lack of a standardized severity grading system may limit our understanding of the true morbidity attributed to AEs in surgery. The aim of this study is to review the prevalence in which intraoperative adverse event (iAE) severity grading systems are used in the literature, evaluate the strengths and limitations of these systems, and appraise their applicability in clinical studies. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were queried to yield all clinical studies reporting the proposal and/or the validation of iAE severity grading systems. Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched separately to identify the articles citing the systems to grade iAEs identified in the first search. RESULTS: Our search yielded 2957 studies, with 7 studies considered for the qualitative synthesis. Five studies considered only surgical/interventional iAEs, while 2 considered both surgical/interventional and anesthesiologic iAEs. Two included studies validated the iAE severity grading system prospectively. A total of 357 citations were retrieved, with an overall self/nonself-citation ratio of 0.17 (53/304). The majority of citing articles were clinical studies (44.1%). The average number of citations per year was 6.7 citations for each classification/severity system, with only 2.05 citations/year for clinical studies. Of the 158 clinical studies citing the severity grading systems, only 90 (56.9%) used them to grade the iAEs. The appraisal of applicability (mean%/median%) was below the 70% threshold in 3 domains: stakeholder involvement (46/47), clarity of presentation (65/67), and applicability (57/56). CONCLUSION: Seven severity grading systems for iAEs have been published in the last decade. Despite the importance of collecting and grading the iAEs, these systems are poorly adopted, with only a few studies per year using them. A uniform globally implemented severity grading system is needed to produce comparable data across studies and develop strategies to decrease iAEs, further improving patient safety.

The Effect of Patient Positioning on Ureteral Efflux During Intraoperative Cystoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To identify the relationship between patient position during surgery and time to confirmation of ureteral patency on cystoscopy. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Academic tertiary care medical center. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: A total of 91 adult women undergoing laparoscopic (either conventional or robotic) hysterectomy between February 2021 and February 2022 were randomized to intervention (n = 45) or control (n = 46). Exclusion criteria included known kidney disease or urinary tract anomaly, current ureteral stent, pregnancy, malignancy, and recognized intraoperative urinary tract injury. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects in the control group were placed in a 0° supine position during cystoscopy. Subjects in the intervention group were placed in a 20° angle in reverse Trendelenburg (RT) position during cystoscopy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary outcome, time to confirmation of bilateral ureteral patency, was measured at the time the second ureteral jet was viewed during intraoperative cystoscopy. There was no significant difference in mean time to confirmation (66.5 seconds in supine vs 67 seconds in RT, p = .2) nor in total cystoscopy time (111 seconds in supine vs 104.5 seconds in RT, p = .39). There were no significant differences in need for alternative modalities to aid in ureteral efflux visualization, delayed diagnosis of ureteric injury, and operative time. RT position seemed to have reduced the time to confirmation for the small group of patients with longer confirmation time (>120 seconds). CONCLUSION: RT position does not change time to confirmation of bilateral ureteral patency compared with supine position. However, there may be a benefit in position change if time to confirmation is >120 seconds.

Inter-Rater Agreement of the Classification of Intraoperative Adverse Events (ClassIntra) in Abdominal Surgery.

OBJECTIVE AND SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Adverse events in surgical patients can occur preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively. Universally accepted classification systems are not yet available for intraoperative adverse events (iAEs). ClassIntra has recently been developed and validated as a tool for grading iAEs that occur between skin incision and skin closure irrespective of the origin, that is, surgery, anesthesia, or organizational. The aim of this study is to assess the inter-rater agreement of ClassIntra and assess its predictive value for postoperative complications in elective abdominal surgery. METHODS: This study is a secondary use of data from the LAParotomy or LAParoscopy and ADhesiolysis (LAPAD) study, with detailed data on incidence and management of intra-operative and post-operative complications. Data were collected in a cohort of elective abdominal surgeries. Two teams graded all recorded events in the LAPAD study according to ClassIntra. Cohen Kappa coefficient was calculated to determine inter-rater agreement. Uni- and multivariable linear regression was used to assess the predictive value of the ClassIntra grades for postoperative complications. RESULTS: IAEs were rated in 333 of 755 (44%) surgeries by team 1, and in 324 of 755 (43%) surgeries by team 2. Cohen kappa coefficient for ClassIntra grades was 0.87 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84-0.90]. Discrepancies in grading were most frequent for intraoperative bleeding and adhesions' associated injuries. At least 1 postoperative complication was observed in 278 (37%) patients. The risk of a postoperative complications increased with every increase in severity grade of ClassIntra. Intraoperative hypotension [mean difference (MD) 23.41, 95% CI 12.93-33.90] and other organ injuries (MD 18.90, 95% CI -4.22 - 42.02) were the strongest predictors for postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: ClassIntra has an almost perfect inter-rater agreement for the classification of iAEs. An increasing grade of ClassIntra was associated with a higher incidence of postoperative complications. Discrepancies in grading related to common complications in abdominal procedures mostly consisted of intraoperative bleeding and adhesion-related injuries. Grading of interoperative events in abdominal surgery might further improve by consensus regarding the definitions of a number of frequent events.

Implementation of a policy of universal cystoscopy at the time of hysterectomy for benign indications: A retrospective comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Lower urinary tract injury (LUTI) is a serious complication of major gynaecologic surgery. Although intra-operative cystoscopy can facilitate timely diagnosis and treatment of LUTI, the optimal approach to cystoscopy at the time of benign hysterectomy remains debatable. AIMS: To assess whether implementation of a policy of universal cystoscopy at the time of benign hysterectomy was associated with a difference in intra-operative detection and rates of LUTI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study at a large regional teaching hospital where a policy of universal cystoscopy at the time of benign hysterectomy was implemented on 30 September 2019. Hysterectomies performed from 1 November 2016 to 31 March 2021 were included and categorised into the 'pre-policy' and 'post-policy' groups. Primary outcomes included the intra-operative detection and overall rates of LUTI. Secondary outcome was the policy adherence rate. Multivariate analysis was used to examine the effect of this policy on the outcomes. RESULTS: There were 584 hysterectomies identified, including 325 in the pre-policy group and 259 in the post-policy group. Cystoscopy was performed in 55.1% in the pre-policy group and 97.7% in the post-policy group (P < 0.01). Adjusted for age, indication and route of hysterectomy, there were no significant differences in the intra-operative cystoscopic detection of LUTI (42.9% vs 25.0%, P = 0.55) or the rate of LUTI (2.2% vs 1.5%, P = 0.25) after implementation of the policy. CONCLUSIONS: The practice of universal cystoscopy at the time of benign hysterectomy has not been associated with a significant change in the intra-operative detection and rates of LUTI at our institution.

Preoperative Identification of Patient-Dependent Blood Pressure Targets Associated With Low Risk of Intraoperative Hypotension During Noncardiac Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative hypotension (IOH) is strongly linked to organ system injuries and postoperative death. Blood pressure itself is a powerful predictor of IOH; however, it is unclear which pressures carry the lowest risk and may be leveraged to prevent subsequent hypotension. Our objective was to develop a model that predicts, before surgery and according to a patient's unique characteristics, which intraoperative mean arterial pressures (MAPs) between 65 and 100 mm Hg have a low risk of IOH, defined as an MAP <65 mm Hg, and may serve as testable hemodynamic targets to prevent IOH. METHODS: Adult, noncardiac surgeries under general anesthesia at 2 tertiary care hospitals of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center were divided into training and validation cohorts, then assigned into smaller subgroups according to preoperative risk factors. Primary outcome was hypotension risk, defined for each intraoperative MAP value from 65 to 100 mm Hg as the proportion of a value's total measurements followed by at least 1 MAP <65 mm Hg within 5 or 10 minutes, and calculated for all values in each subgroup. Five models depicting MAP-associated IOH risk were compared according to best fit across subgroups with proportions whose confidence interval was <0.05. For the best fitting model, (1) performance was validated, (2) low-risk MAP targets were identified according to applied benchmarks, and (3) preoperative risk factors were evaluated as predictors of model parameters. RESULTS: A total of 166,091 surgeries were included, with 121,032 and 45,059 surgeries containing 5.4 million and 1.9 million MAP measurements included in the training and validation sets, respectively. Thirty-six subgroups with at least 21 eligible proportions (confidence interval <0.05) were identified, representing 92% and 94% of available MAP measurements, respectively. The exponential with theta constant model demonstrated the best fit (weighted sum of squared error 0.0005), and the mean squared error of hypotension risk per MAP did not exceed 0.01% in validation testing. MAP targets ranged between 69 and 90 mm Hg depending on the subgroup and benchmark used. Increased age, higher American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, and female sexindependently predicted ( P < .05) hypotension risk curves with less rapid decay and higher plateaus. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that IOH risk specific to a given MAP is patient-dependent, but predictable before surgery. Our model can identify intraoperative MAP targets before surgery predicted to reduce a patient's exposure to IOH, potentially allowing clinicians to develop more personalized approaches for managing hemodynamics.

Validation of a Prediction Model for Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Receiving General Anesthesia.

Objectives: There have been no fully validated tools for the rapid identification of surgical patients at risk of intraoperative hypothermia. The objective of this study was to validate the performance of a previously established prediction model in estimating the risk of intraoperative hypothermia in a prospective cohort. Methods: In this observational study, consecutive adults scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled prospectively at a tertiary hospital between September 4, 2020, and December 28, 2020. An intraoperative hypothermia risk score was calculated by a mobile application of the prediction model. A wireless axillary thermometer was used to continuously measure perioperative core temperature as the reference standard. The discrimination and calibration of the model were assessed, using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, and Brier score. Results: Among 227 participants, 99 (43.6%) developed intraoperative hypothermia, and 10 (4.6%) received intraoperative active warming with forced-air warming. The model had an AUC of 0.700 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.632-0.768) in the overall cohort with adequate calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow χ 2 = 13.8, P=0.087; Brier score = 0.33 [95% CI, 0.29-0.37]). We categorized the risk scores into low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk groups, in which the incidence of intraoperative hypothermia was 23.0% (95% CI, 12.4-33.5), 43.4% (95% CI, 33.7-53.2), and 62.7% (95% CI, 51.5-74.3), respectively (P for trend <0.001). Conclusions: The intraoperative hypothermia prediction model demonstrated possibly helpful discrimination and adequate calibration in our prospective validation. These findings suggest that the risk screening model could facilitate future perioperative temperature management.

Vascular injury during cholecystectomy: A multicenter critical analysis behind the drama.

BACKGROUND: The management of a vascular injury during cholecystectomy is still very complicated, especially in centers not specialized in complex hepatobiliary surgery. METHODS: This was a multi-institutional retrospective study in patients with vascular injuries during cholecystectomy from 18 centers in 4 countries. The aim of the study was to analyze the management of vascular injuries focusing on referral, time to perform the repair, and different treatments options outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were included. Twenty-nine patients underwent vascular repair (27.9%), 13 (12.5%) liver resection, and 1 liver transplant as a first treatment. Eighty-four (80.4%) vascular and biliary injuries occurred in nonspecialized centers and 45 (53.6%) were immediately transferred. Intraoperative diagnosed injuries were rare in referred patients (18% vs 84%, P = .001). The patients managed at the hospital where the injury occurred had a higher number of reoperations (64% vs 20%, P ˂ .001). The need for vascular reconstruction was associated with higher mortality (P = .04). Two of the 4 patients transplanted died. CONCLUSION: Vascular lesions during cholecystectomy are a potentially life-threatening complication. Management of referral to specialized centers to perform multiple complex multidisciplinary procedures should be mandatory. Late vascular repair has not shown to be associated with worse results.

Prediction of intraoperative hypotension from the linear extrapolation of mean arterial pressure.

BACKGROUND: Hypotension prediction index (HPI) software is a proprietary machine learning-based algorithm used to predict intraoperative hypotension (IOH). HPI has shown superiority in predicting IOH when compared to the predictive value of changes in mean arterial pressure (ΔMAP) alone. However, the predictive value of ΔMAP alone, with no reference to the absolute level of MAP, is counterintuitive and poor at predicting IOH. A simple linear extrapolation of mean arterial pressure (LepMAP) is closer to the clinical approach. OBJECTIVES: Our primary objective was to investigate whether LepMAP better predicts IOH than ΔMAP alone. DESIGN: Retrospective diagnostic accuracy study. SETTING: Two tertiary University Hospitals between May 2019 and December 2019. PATIENTS: A total of 83 adult patients undergoing high risk non-cardiac surgery. DATA SOURCES: Arterial pressure data were automatically extracted from the anaesthesia data collection software (one value per minute). IOH was defined as MAP < 65 mmHg. ANALYSIS: Correlations for repeated measurements and the area under the curve (AUC) from receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were determined for the ability of LepMAP and ΔMAP to predict IOH at 1, 2 and 5 min before its occurrence (A-analysis, using the whole dataset). Data were also analysed after exclusion of MAP values between 65 and 75 mmHg (B-analysis). RESULTS: A total of 24 318 segments of ten minutes duration were analysed. In the A-analysis, ROC AUCs to predict IOH at 1, 2 and 5 min before its occurrence by LepMAP were 0.87 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.86 to 0.88), 0.81 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.83) and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.66 to 0.71) and for ΔMAP alone 0.59 (95% CI, 0.57 to 0.62), 0.61 (95% CI, 0.59 to 0.64), 0.57 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.69), respectively. In the B analysis for LepMAP these were 0.97 (95% CI, 0.9 to 0.98), 0.93 (95% CI, 0.92 to 0.95) and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.84 to 0.88), respectively, and for ΔMAP alone 0.59 (95% CI, 0.53 to 0.58), 0.56 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.59), 0.54 (95% CI, 0.51 to 0.57), respectively. LepMAP ROC AUCs were significantly higher than ΔMAP ROC AUCs in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: LepMAP provides reliable real-time and continuous prediction of IOH 1 and 2 min before its occurrence. LepMAP offers better discrimination than ΔMAP at 1, 2 and 5 min before its occurrence. Future studies evaluating machine learning algorithms to predict IOH should be compared with LepMAP rather than ΔMAP.

[Intraoperative Hemodynamic Monitoring and Management]. / Outcome-relevante Anästhesiologie: intraoperatives hämodynamisches Monitoring und Management.

Postoperative deaths are a consequence of postoperative complications - including acute kidney injury and myocardial injury. Postoperative complications are associated with non-modifiable patient-specific risk factors (i.e., age, medical history), but also with potentially modifiable risk factors - including intraoperative hypotension and compromised intraoperative blood flow. Based on patient- and surgery-specific risk factors, the intraoperative hemodynamic monitoring strategy needs to be selected. Intraoperative hypotension is associated with postoperative organ failure and should thus be avoided. To optimize intraoperative hemodynamics, cardiac output-guided hemodynamic management has been proposed. Cardiac output-guided hemodynamic management aims at optimizing oxygen delivery using fluids, vasopressors, and inotropes. Cardiac output-guided hemodynamic management has been shown to reduce postoperative complications compared to routine hemodynamic management in high-risk patients having major surgery.

Anaesthesia for mechanical thrombectomy: a narrative review.

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, and is associated with a huge societal and economic burden. Interventions for the immediate treatment of ischaemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion are dependent on recanalisation of the occluded vessel. Trials have provided evidence supporting the efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy in ischaemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion. This has resulted in changes in management and organisation of stroke care worldwide. Major determinants of effectiveness of thrombectomy include: time between stroke onset and reperfusion; location of occlusion and local collateral perfusion; adequacy of reperfusion; patient age; and stroke severity. The role of anaesthetic technique on outcome remains controversial with published research showing conflicting results. As a result, choice of conscious sedation or general anaesthesia for mechanical thrombectomy is often dependent on individual operator choice or institutional preference. More recent randomised controlled trials have suggested that protocol-driven general anaesthesia is no worse than conscious sedation and may even be associated with better outcomes. These and other studies have highlighted the importance of optimal blood pressure management as a major determinant of patient outcome. Anaesthetic management should be tailored to the individual patient and circumstances. Acute ischaemic stroke is a neurological emergency; clinicians should focus on minimising door-to-groin puncture time and the provision of high-quality periprocedural care with a particular emphasis on the maintenance of an adequate blood pressure.

Intraoperative Hypotension and Acute Kidney Injury in Non-cardiac Surgery at a Large Tertiary Care Medical Center.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious postoperative complication that increases patients' risk for long- and shortterm morbidity and mortality. Risk for developing AKI increases following intraoperative hypotension (IOH). This project aimed to describe the rate of and establish IOH as an independent risk factor for AKI among adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery at a large tertiary care medical center. An observational, retrospective, evidence-based practice project was conducted. Records were extracted for adults undergoing general anesthesia for non-cardiac surgery from 2015 to 2019 with available serum creatinine laboratory results. The primary project outcome was postoperative AKI. Among 4,603 cases, 8.9% experienced postoperative AKI. Cases with IOH (MAPs less than 60 mmHg for at least 10 minutes) compared to cases without IOH had increased risks for AKI (RR 1.48, 95% CI [1.19-1.84], P<.001). In a fully adjusted model, IOH was an independent risk factor for AKI (OR 1.50, 95% CI [1.18-1.92], P=.001). Among cases with serum creatinine laboratory results, the rate of AKI was higher than reported literature rates. IOH was confirmed as an independent risk factor. Quantifying the rate of and risk factors for AKI may precipitate heightened attention to prevention strategies and encourage quality improvement initiatives.